A Morphological Lexicon of New Testament Greek J. K. Tauber http://jktauber.com/ What’s in a (Printed) Lexical Entry? • • • • • • • • • • • definition gloss part of speech inflectional class principal parts root(s) and stem(s) variant spellings etymology derivation subcategorisation idiomatic constructions A “Morphological” Lexicon • • • • • • • • • • • definition gloss part of speech inflectional class principal parts root(s) and stem(s) variant spellings etymology derivation subcategorisation idiomatic constructions “the idea is that surface forms, lexical forms, spelling variations, roots, stems, suppletion, morphophonological rules, etc. will all be catalogued with relationships between them expressed as a directed labelled graph.” –blog post, 9th December, 2004 Prolegomenon • • Philosophy Motivation Philosophy • • Open License Open Format Open License • • • Creative Commons CC-BY-SA Attribution ShareAlike Open Format • • • • • • • • correctable verifiable reproducible extensible queryable reusable repurposable adaptable Motivation • open grammars • expanding to other texts (Septuagint, Epictetus, etc) • validating MorphGNT analysis • morphological theory • better learning tools Better Learning Tools Linguistic Databases Motivate Enable Learning Tools Word Lists by Frequency awk '{print $7}' | sort | uniq -c | sort -r Analytical Lexicon awk '{print $6,$2,$3,$7}’ | sort | uniq The New Kind of Graded Reader Approach • • Introduce fully inflected forms in context Order the introduction of forms to maximize early access to text The New Kind of Graded Reader Approach ὁ Ἰησοῦς καὶ οἱ μαθηταὶ αὐτοῦ ἀπεκρίθη Ἰησοῦς καὶ εἶπεν αὐτοῖς ὁ ζῆλος τοῦ οἴκου σου καταφάγεταί με λέγει ἡ μήτηρ αὐτοῦ τοῖς διακόνοις Caveats and Limitations in Earlier Work Didn’t consider: • inflectional morphology • syntactic constructions • idioms • derivational morphology / cognates Why weren’t they considered? Because they weren’t in an open, machine-actionable form! Morphological Lexicon of New Testament Greek • • • • • • • • stems relationships between stems principal parts inflectional classes endings preverbs augmentation sandhi / morphophonological rules Preliminary Work • • • • • rebasing off SBLGNT headword analysis rethinking tagging scheme pyuca greek-accentuation Headword Analysis ἀμύνομαι: ἀμύνω: tags: ["ω/ομαι"] sources: ["danker-entry"] comment: - Danker CL (as it often seems to) favours the active form ἀμύνω even against BDAG Morphological Parts of Speech case person aspect - - - conjunctions, adverbs, interjections, prepositions, particles, indeclinables + - - nouns, adjectives, pronouns, articles - - + infinitives + - + participles - + + finite verbs Morphological Parts of Speech case person gender aspect - - - - conjunctions, adverbs, interjections, prepositions, particles, indeclinable nouns and adjectives + + - ? - + - + 1st/2nd person personal pronouns + - + + participles - + - + finite verbs nouns, adjectives, proforms, articles infinitives Nominals Morphology theme + distinguisher vs stem + suffix λόγ|ος λόγ|ου λόγ|ῳ λόγ|ον λόγο+ς ? λόγο+ο λόγo+?ι λόγο+ν Nominal Distinguishers NSM: … ας n-1d α+ς ης n-1f η+ς ος n-2a ο+ς ψ n-3a(1) π+ς ψ n-3a(2) β+ς ξ n-3b(1) κ+ς ξ n-3b(2) γ+ς ξ n-3b(3) χ+ς ους n=3c(2-OD) οδ+ς ς n-3c(1) τ+ς ς n-3c(2) δ+ς ς n-3c(3) θ+ς Nominal Analysis ἀγαλλίασις: forms: F: theme(s): ἀγαλλιασ NS: ἀγαλλίασις ἀγαλλίασ|ις ϳ+ς GS: ἀγαλλιάσεως ἀγαλλιάσ|εως ϳ+ος DS: ἀγαλλιάσει ἀγαλλιάσ|ει ϳ+ι Nominal Analysis ἀβαρής a-4a -- M n-3d(2aA) ἀβαρ AS ἀβαρῆ ἀβαρ ῆ εσ+α ἄβυσσος n-2b -- F n-2b ἀβυσσ GS ἀβύσσου ἀβύσσ ου ο+ιο ἄβυσσος n-2b -- F n-2b ἀβυσσ AS ἄβυσσον ἄβυσσ ον ο+ν ἀγαθοποιέω verb PA M n=3c(5b-OU) ἀγαθοποι NS ἀγαθοποιῶν ἀγαθοποι ῶν ουντ+ ἀγαθοποιέω verb PA M n=3c(5b-OU) ἀγαθοποι NP ἀγαθοποιοῦντες ἀγαθοποι οῦντες ουντ+ες ἀγαθοποιέω verb PA M n=3c(5b-OU) ἀγαθοποι AP ἀγαθοποιοῦντας ἀγαθοποι οῦντας ουντ+ας ἀγαθοποιέω verb PA F n-1c ἀγαθοποιουσ NP ἀγαθοποιοῦσαι ἀγαθοποιοῦσ αι α+ι ἀγαθοποιΐα n-1a -- F n-1a ἀγαθοποιϊ DS ἀγαθοποιΐᾳ ἀγαθοποιΐ ᾳ α+ι ἀγαθοποιός a-3a -- M n-2a ἀγαθοποι GP ἀγαθοποιῶν ἀγαθοποι ῶν +ων ἀγαθός a-1a(2a) -- M n-2a ἀγαθ NS ἀγαθός ἀγαθ ός ο+ς Nominal Paradigms n-3b(1) M (10): NS: ξ GS: κος DS: κι AS: κα NP: κες GP: κων AP: κας {κ+ς} {κ+ος} {κ+ι} {κ+α} {κ+ες} {κ+ων} {κ+ας} Verbs Sandhi Rules A|B>C<D|E AB+DE→ACE A theme AB stem DE suffix CE distinguisher B+D→C sandhi Verb Endings PAI.1S: - "|>ω<ω|" - "|ε>ῶ<ω|" - "|ο>ῶ<ω|" - "|α>ῶ<ω|" - "|ο!>ω<_1|μι" - "|ε!>η<_1|μι" - "|υ!>υ<_1|μι" - "|α!>η<_1|μι" - "|ει!>ει<_1|μι" AAI.1S: - "|><|α" - "|%>ο<T_1|ν" - "|α^>η<_1|ν" - "|ε^>η<_1|ν" - "|ο^>ω<_1|ν" - "|α!>η<_1|ν" Verb Stems ἀγαπάω: stems: 1-: 1+: 2-: 3-: 3+: 4-: 5-: 7-: ἀγαπα ἠγαπα ἀγαπησ ἀγαπησ ἠγαπησ ἠγαπηκ ἠγαπη ἀγαπηθησ ἀναλαμβάνω: compound: ἀνά++λαμβάνω stems: 1-: ἀναλαμβαν 3-: ἀναλαβ% 3+: ἀνελαβ% 6-: ἀναλημφθ 6+: ἀνελημφθ Remaining Work (short-term) • • • • Imperatives, Subjunctives, Optatives Stem Formation Relationships Augmentation / Preverbs Principal Part Generation A Morphological Lexicon of New Testament Greek http://jktauber.com/